Farmacompendio

FAQ

Pediatría: la lista KIDs

Tabla 1. La lista KIDs

(Key Potentially Inappropriate Drugs in Pediatrics: The KIDs List)

Drug Risk/Rationale Recommendation Strength of Recommendation Quality of Evidence
Atazanavir51 Kernicterus Caution in neonates unless pharmacogenetic testing is used Weak Very low
Benzocaine52–57 Methemoglobinemia Avoid in infants for teething or pharyngitis Strong High
Camphor58–60 Seizures Caution in children Weak Low
Carbinoxamine61 Death Avoid in <1 year Strong Low
Ceftriaxone62,63 Kernicterus Caution in neonates Weak Very low
Chloramphenicol64 Gray baby syndrome Avoid in neonates unless serum concentration monitoring is used Strong High
Chlorhexidine65 Chemical burn Caution in very low birth weight neonates Strong Low
Codeine66–69 Respiratory depression, death Avoid in children unless pharmacogenetic testing is used Strong High
Darunavir70 Seizures, death Avoid in <3 years or <10 kg Strong Very low
Daptomycin71 Neuromuscular and skeletal adverse events Caution in <1 year Weak Very low
Dicloxacillin72 Kernicterus Caution in neonates Weak Very low
Dicyclomine73 Apnea Avoid in <6 months Strong Low
Difluprednate74,75 Increased intraocular pressure Caution in children Weak Low
Diphenoxylate and atropine76 Respiratory depression, death Avoid in <6 years Strong Moderate
Dopamine antagonists

 Acute dystonia (dyskinesia); increased risk of respiratory depression, extravasation, and death with intravenous use Avoid in infants Caution in children Strong:

  • Chlorpromazine
  • Fluphenazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Perphenazine
  • Pimozide
  • Prochlorperazine
  • Promethazine
  • Trifluoperazine

Weak:

  • Metoclopramide
  • Trimethobenzamide
 Moderate
Gentamicin ophthalmic ointment95–97 Severe ocular reactions Avoid in neonates Strong High
Hexachlorophene98 Neurotoxicity Avoid in neonates Strong High
Indinavir99 Nephrolithiasis Avoid in children Strong High
Hyperbilirubinemia Avoid in neonates Strong Low
Ivermectin (oral)100,101 Encephalopathy Avoid in <1 year Weak Low
Lamotrigine102 Serious skin rashes Caution in children; titration needed Strong High
Lidocaine 2% viscous103,104 Seizures, arrhythmia, death (due to CNS depression, seizures, or dysrhythmias) Avoid in infants for teething Strong High
Linaclotide105 Death from dehydration Avoid in <6 years Weak Very low
Lindane106,107 Seizure, spasm Avoid in <10 years or <50 kg Moderate Low
Loperamide108 Ileus, lethargy Avoid in infants for acute infectious diarrhea Strong High
Macrolides109–112

  • Azithromycin
  • Erythromycin (oral and intravenous)
 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Avoid in neonates, unless treating Bordetella pertussis (azithromycin), or Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia (azithromycin and erythromycin) Consider risk/benefit ratio when using for ureaplasma (azithromycin) Strong High
Malathion113 Increased absorption (organophosphate poisoning) Avoid in <1 year Weak Very low
Meperidine114,115 Respiratory depression Avoid in neonates Caution in children Strong High
Midazolam116 Severe intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, or death Avoid in very low birth weight neonates Strong High
Mineral oil, oral117 Lipid pneumonitis Avoid in <1 year Strong Low
Naloxone118,119 Seizure Avoid in neonates for postpartum resuscitation Strong High
Nitrofurantoin120,121 Hemolytic anemia Avoid in neonates Weak Very low
Olanzapine122 Metabolic syndrome (weight gain, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia) Caution long-term use (>24 weeks) in children Strong High
Opium tincture123 Respiratory depression Avoid in neonates Caution in children Strong High
Paregoric123 Gasping syndrome, seizures, CNS depression, hypoglycemia Avoid in children Strong High
Plecanatide124 Death from dehydration Avoid in <6 years Weak Very low
Propofol125–130 Propofol-related infusion syndrome; higher rate in children than adults because higher relative doses of propofol are needed, especially in status epilepticus Avoid doses >4 mg/kg/hr for greater than 48 hours Strong Moderate
Salicylates42,131–134

  • Aspirin
  • Bismuth subsalicylate
  • Choline magnesium trisalicylate
  • Magnesium salicylate
  • Methenamine, sodium phosphate monobasic, phenyl salicylate, methylene blue, and hyoscyamine
  • Methyl salicylate (topical)
  • Salicylicacid
  • Salsalate
 Reye’s syndrome Caution in children with suspicion of viral illness (influenza and varicella) Weak Very low
Sodium phosphate solution, rectal (enema)135,136 Electrolyte abnormalities, acute kidney injury, arrhythmia, death Avoid in infants Strong High
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate137,138 Colonic perforation Avoid in very low birth weight neonates Weak Low
Sulfonamides

  • Silver sulfadiazine139
  • Sulfadiazine139
  • Sulfamethoxazole72,140
 Kernicterus Avoid in neonates except as adjunctive therapy with pyrimethamine as a treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis (sulfadiazine) Weak Very low
Tetracyclines141–147

  • Demeclocycline
  • Tetracycline
 Tooth discoloration (demeclocycline and tetracycline) Enamel hypoplasia (tetracycline) Retardation of skeletal development and bone growth in premature neonates (tetracycline) Caution in <8 years Caution in <8 years Caution in neonates Strong Strong Strong High High Moderate
Topical corticosteroids (medium, high and very high potency)148,149 Adrenal suppression; higher rate of systemic absorption in children than adults Avoid in <1 year for diaper dermatitis Strong Low
Tramadol66,150 Respiratory depression Caution in children unless pharmacogenomic testing is used Weak Low
Tricyclic antidepressants151–153

  • Desipramine
  • Imipramine
 Sudden cardiac death Avoid in children (desipramine) Caution in children (imipramine) Strong High (desipramine) Moderate (imipramine)
Valproic acid and derivatives154–156 Pancreatitis, fatal hepatotoxicity Avoid in infants Caution in <6 years Strong High
Verapamil157–159 Asystole Avoid in <1 year Weak Low

Tabla 2. Excipientes con peligro conocido o potencial cuando se usan en pacientes pediátricos

Excipient Rationale Recommendation Strength of Recommendation Quality of Evidence
Benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, benzoic acid33,34,160–163 Gasping syndrome Avoid exposure of >99 mg/kg/day in neonates (with the exception of sodium phenylacetate/sodium benzoate used for the treatment of urea cycle disorders) Strong High
Ethanol/ethyl alcohol34,164 (this excludes ethanol lock) CNS depression, hypoglycemia Caution in <6 years; maximum of 5% vol/vol ethanol with clinician supervision Strong Moderate
Isopropyl alcohol165,166 Chemical burn Caution in very low birth weight neonates Strong Low
Methylparaben, propylparaben167 Kernicterus Caution in <2 months Strong Very low
Phenylalanine168 Cognitive and behavioral problems Avoid in children with an unknown phenylketonuria test Strong High
Polysorbate 80169–171 E-Ferol syndrome Avoid in <1 year (any amount) Strong High
Propylene glycol33,34,172,173 Lactic acidosis, CNS depression, hypoglycemia, hemolysis, seizure Avoid doses >3 g/day in neonates; caution doses >34 mg/kg/day in neonates Strong Moderate

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